diff --git a/module/system/base/compile.scm b/module/system/base/compile.scm
index 053b11426..88256c2f2 100644
--- a/module/system/base/compile.scm
+++ b/module/system/base/compile.scm
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@
 	       :select (the-vm vm-load objcode->u8vector))
   :use-module (system vm assemble)
   :use-module (ice-9 regex)
-  :export (<cenv> make-cenv cenv? cenv-vm cenv-language cenv-module))
+  :export (<cenv> make-cenv cenv? cenv-vm cenv-language cenv-module
+           syntax-error compile-file load-source-file load-file
+           compiled-file-name
+           scheme-eval read-file-in compile-in))
 
 ;;;
 ;;; Compiler environment
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@
 
 (define-record (<cenv> vm language module))
 
-(define-public (syntax-error loc msg exp)
+(define (syntax-error loc msg exp)
   (throw 'syntax-error loc msg exp))
 
 (define-macro (call-with-compile-error-catch thunk)
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@
 
 (define scheme (lookup-language 'scheme))
 
-(define-public (compile-file file . opts)
+(define (compile-file file . opts)
   (let ((comp (compiled-file-name file)))
     (catch 'nothing-at-all
       (lambda ()
@@ -89,21 +92,21 @@
 ; 	    (format #t "compile-file: returned ~a~%" result)
 ; 	    result))))
 
-(define-public (load-source-file file . opts)
+(define (load-source-file file . opts)
   (let ((source (read-file-in file scheme)))
     (apply compile-in source (current-module) scheme opts)))
 
-(define-public (load-file file . opts)
+(define (load-file file . opts)
   (let ((comp (compiled-file-name file)))
     (if (file-exists? comp)
 	(load-objcode comp)
 	(apply load-source-file file opts))))
 
-(define-public (compiled-file-name file)
+(define (compiled-file-name file)
   (let ((m (string-match "\\.[^.]*$" file)))
     (string-append (if m (match:prefix m) file) ".go")))
 
-(define-public (scheme-eval x e)
+(define (scheme-eval x e)
   (vm-load (the-vm) (compile-in x e scheme)))
 
 
@@ -111,10 +114,10 @@
 ;;; Scheme compiler interface
 ;;;
 
-(define-public (read-file-in file lang)
+(define (read-file-in file lang)
   (call-with-input-file file (language-read-file lang)))
 
-(define-public (compile-in x e lang . opts)
+(define (compile-in x e lang . opts)
   (catch 'result
     (lambda ()
       ;; expand
diff --git a/module/system/il/ghil.scm b/module/system/il/ghil.scm
index 02b939529..d70f4f063 100644
--- a/module/system/il/ghil.scm
+++ b/module/system/il/ghil.scm
@@ -79,7 +79,10 @@
    ghil-mod-module ghil-mod-table ghil-mod-imports
 
    <ghil-env> make-ghil-env ghil-env?
-   ghil-env-mod ghil-env-parent ghil-env-table ghil-env-variables))
+   ghil-env-mod ghil-env-parent ghil-env-table ghil-env-variables
+
+   ghil-primitive-macro? ghil-env-add! ghil-lookup
+   call-with-ghil-environment call-with-ghil-bindings))
 
 
 ;;;
@@ -118,7 +121,7 @@
 
 (define *macro-module* (resolve-module '(system il macros)))
 
-(define-public (ghil-primitive-macro? x)
+(define (ghil-primitive-macro? x)
   (and (module-defined? *macro-module* x)
        (procedure? (module-ref *macro-module* x))))
 
@@ -151,7 +154,7 @@
 (define-record (<ghil-env> mod parent (table '()) (variables '())))
 
 (define %make-ghil-env make-ghil-env)
-(define-public (make-ghil-env e)
+(define (make-ghil-env e)
   (record-case e
     ((<ghil-mod>) (%make-ghil-env :mod e :parent e))
     ((<ghil-env> mod) (%make-ghil-env :mod mod :parent e))))
@@ -169,7 +172,7 @@
 (define-macro (apopq! k loc)
   `(set! ,loc (assq-remove! ,k ,loc)))
 
-(define-public (ghil-env-add! env var)
+(define (ghil-env-add! env var)
   (apush! (ghil-var-name var) var (ghil-env-table env))
   (push! var (ghil-env-variables env)))
 
@@ -182,7 +185,7 @@
 ;;;
 
 ;; looking up a var has side effects?
-(define-public (ghil-lookup env sym)
+(define (ghil-lookup env sym)
   (or (ghil-env-ref env sym)
       (let loop ((e (ghil-env-parent env)))
         (record-case e
@@ -197,7 +200,7 @@
                  (begin (set! (ghil-var-kind found) 'external) found)
                  (loop parent))))))))
 
-(define-public (call-with-ghil-environment e syms func)
+(define (call-with-ghil-environment e syms func)
   (let* ((e (make-ghil-env e))
 	 (vars (map (lambda (s)
 		      (let ((v (make-ghil-var e s 'argument)))
@@ -205,7 +208,7 @@
 		    syms)))
     (func e vars)))
 
-(define-public (call-with-ghil-bindings e syms func)
+(define (call-with-ghil-bindings e syms func)
   (let* ((vars (map (lambda (s)
 		      (let ((v (make-ghil-var e s 'local)))
 			(ghil-env-add! e v) v))
diff --git a/module/system/repl/describe.scm b/module/system/repl/describe.scm
index 15f0b0b04..30de3f945 100644
--- a/module/system/repl/describe.scm
+++ b/module/system/repl/describe.scm
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@
 	(format #t "@class{~a}{~a}" name desc)
 	(format #t "~a" desc))))
 
-(define-public (display-list title list)
+(define (display-list title list)
   (if title (begin (display title) (display ":\n\n")))
   (if (null? list)
       (display "(not defined)\n")
       (for-each display-summary list)))
 
-(define-public (display-slot-list title instance list)
+(define (display-slot-list title instance list)
   (if title (begin (display title) (display ":\n\n")))
   (if (null? list)
       (display "(not defined)\n")
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@
 		    (newline)))
 		list)))
 
-(define-public (display-file location)
+(define (display-file location)
   (display "Defined in ")
   (if (eq? *describe-format* 'tag)
       (format #t "@location{~a}.\n" location)
       (format #t "`~a'.\n" location)))
 
-(define-public (format-documentation doc)
+(define (format-documentation doc)
   (with-current-buffer (make-buffer #:text doc)
     (lambda ()
       (let ((regexp (make-regexp "@([a-z]*)(\\{([^\}]*)\\})?")))
diff --git a/module/system/vm/core.scm b/module/system/vm/core.scm
index 55c3c8465..83f09a3fa 100644
--- a/module/system/vm/core.scm
+++ b/module/system/vm/core.scm
@@ -19,7 +19,16 @@
 
 ;;; Code:
 
-(define-module (system vm core))
+(define-module (system vm core)
+  :export (arity:nargs arity:nrest arity:nlocs arity:nexts
+           make-binding binding:name binding:extp binding:index
+           program-bindings program-sources
+           frame-arguments frame-local-variables frame-external-variables
+           frame-environment
+           frame-variable-exists? frame-variable-ref frame-variable-set!
+           frame-object-name
+           vm-fetch-locals vm-fetch-externals vm-return-value
+           vms:time vms:clock vm-load))
 
 ;;;
 ;;; Core procedures
@@ -37,23 +46,23 @@
 ;;; Programs
 ;;;
 
-(define-public arity:nargs car)
-(define-public arity:nrest cadr)
-(define-public arity:nlocs caddr)
-(define-public arity:nexts cadddr)
+(define arity:nargs car)
+(define arity:nrest cadr)
+(define arity:nlocs caddr)
+(define arity:nexts cadddr)
 
-(define-public (make-binding name extp index)
+(define (make-binding name extp index)
   (list name extp index))
 
-(define-public binding:name car)
-(define-public binding:extp cadr)
-(define-public binding:index caddr)
+(define binding:name car)
+(define binding:extp cadr)
+(define binding:index caddr)
 
-(define-public (program-bindings prog)
+(define (program-bindings prog)
   (cond ((program-meta prog) => car)
 	(else '())))
 
-(define-public (program-sources prog)
+(define (program-sources prog)
   (cond ((program-meta prog) => cdr)
 	(else '())))
 
@@ -62,21 +71,21 @@
 ;;; Frames
 ;;;
 
-(define-public (frame-arguments frame)
+(define (frame-arguments frame)
   (let* ((prog (frame-program frame))
 	 (arity (program-arity prog)))
     (do ((n (+ (arity:nargs arity) -1) (1- n))
 	 (l '() (cons (frame-local-ref frame n) l)))
 	((< n 0) l))))
 
-(define-public (frame-local-variables frame)
+(define (frame-local-variables frame)
   (let* ((prog (frame-program frame))
 	 (arity (program-arity prog)))
     (do ((n (+ (arity:nargs arity) (arity:nlocs arity) -1) (1- n))
 	 (l '() (cons (frame-local-ref frame n) l)))
 	((< n 0) l))))
 
-(define-public (frame-external-variables frame)
+(define (frame-external-variables frame)
   (frame-external-link frame))
 
 (define (frame-external-ref frame index)
@@ -111,25 +120,25 @@
       ((or (null? bs) (eq? obj (frame-binding-ref frame (car bs))))
        (and (pair? bs) (car bs)))))
 
-(define-public (frame-environment frame addr)
+(define (frame-environment frame addr)
   (map (lambda (binding)
 	 (cons (binding:name binding) (frame-binding-ref frame binding)))
        (frame-bindings frame addr)))
 
-(define-public (frame-variable-exists? frame addr sym)
+(define (frame-variable-exists? frame addr sym)
   (if (frame-lookup-binding frame addr sym) #t #f))
 
-(define-public (frame-variable-ref frame addr sym)
+(define (frame-variable-ref frame addr sym)
   (cond ((frame-lookup-binding frame addr sym) =>
 	 (lambda (binding) (frame-binding-ref frame binding)))
 	(else (error "Unknown variable:" sym))))
 
-(define-public (frame-variable-set! frame addr sym val)
+(define (frame-variable-set! frame addr sym val)
   (cond ((frame-lookup-binding frame addr sym) =>
 	 (lambda (binding) (frame-binding-set! frame binding val)))
 	(else (error "Unknown variable:" sym))))
 
-(define-public (frame-object-name frame addr obj)
+(define (frame-object-name frame addr obj)
   (cond ((frame-object-binding frame addr obj) => binding:name)
 	(else #f)))
 
@@ -138,13 +147,13 @@
 ;;; Current status
 ;;;
 
-(define-public (vm-fetch-locals vm)
+(define (vm-fetch-locals vm)
   (frame-local-variables (vm-this-frame vm)))
 
-(define-public (vm-fetch-externals vm)
+(define (vm-fetch-externals vm)
   (frame-external-variables (vm-this-frame vm)))
 
-(define-public (vm-return-value vm)
+(define (vm-return-value vm)
   (car (vm-fetch-stack vm)))
 
 
@@ -152,15 +161,15 @@
 ;;; Statistics
 ;;;
 
-(define-public (vms:time stat) (vector-ref stat 0))
-(define-public (vms:clock stat) (vector-ref stat 1))
+(define (vms:time stat) (vector-ref stat 0))
+(define (vms:clock stat) (vector-ref stat 1))
 
 
 ;;;
 ;;; Loader
 ;;;
 
-(define-public (vm-load vm objcode)
+(define (vm-load vm objcode)
   (vm (objcode->program objcode)))
 
 ;; `load-compiled' is referred to by `boot-9.scm' and used by `use-modules'
diff --git a/module/system/vm/frame.scm b/module/system/vm/frame.scm
index 2145b324e..7e5286e76 100644
--- a/module/system/vm/frame.scm
+++ b/module/system/vm/frame.scm
@@ -20,20 +20,23 @@
 ;;; Code:
 
 (define-module (system vm frame)
-  :use-module ((system vm core) :renamer (symbol-prefix-proc 'vm:)))
+  :use-module ((system vm core) :renamer (symbol-prefix-proc 'vm:))
+  :export (frame-number frame-address
+           vm-current-frame-chain vm-last-frame-chain
+           print-frame print-frame-call))
 
 
 ;;;
 ;;; Frame chain
 ;;;
 
-(define-public frame-number (make-object-property))
-(define-public frame-address (make-object-property))
+(define frame-number (make-object-property))
+(define frame-address (make-object-property))
 
-(define-public (vm-current-frame-chain vm)
+(define (vm-current-frame-chain vm)
   (make-frame-chain (vm:vm-this-frame vm) (vm:vm:ip vm)))
 
-(define-public (vm-last-frame-chain vm)
+(define (vm-last-frame-chain vm)
   (make-frame-chain (vm:vm-last-frame vm) (vm:vm:ip vm)))
 
 (define (make-frame-chain frame addr)
@@ -52,12 +55,12 @@
 ;;; Pretty printing
 ;;;
 
-(define-public (print-frame frame)
+(define (print-frame frame)
   (format #t "#~A " (vm:frame-number frame))
   (print-frame-call frame)
   (newline))
 
-(define-public (print-frame-call frame)
+(define (print-frame-call frame)
   (define (abbrev x)
     (cond ((list? x)   (if (> (length x) 3)
 			 (list (abbrev (car x)) (abbrev (cadr x)) '...)
diff --git a/module/system/vm/trace.scm b/module/system/vm/trace.scm
index 19b31f288..0b028277f 100644
--- a/module/system/vm/trace.scm
+++ b/module/system/vm/trace.scm
@@ -23,22 +23,23 @@
   :use-syntax (system base syntax)
   :use-module (system vm core)
   :use-module (system vm frame)
-  :use-module (ice-9 format))
+  :use-module (ice-9 format)
+  :export (vm-trace vm-trace-on vm-trace-off))
 
-(define-public (vm-trace vm objcode . opts)
+(define (vm-trace vm objcode . opts)
   (dynamic-wind
       (lambda () (apply vm-trace-on vm opts))
       (lambda () (vm-load vm objcode))
       (lambda () (apply vm-trace-off vm opts))))
 
-(define-public (vm-trace-on vm . opts)
+(define (vm-trace-on vm . opts)
   (set-vm-option! vm 'trace-first #t)
   (if (memq :b opts) (add-hook! (vm-next-hook vm) trace-next))
   (set-vm-option! vm 'trace-options opts)
   (add-hook! (vm-apply-hook vm) trace-apply)
   (add-hook! (vm-return-hook vm) trace-return))
 
-(define-public (vm-trace-off vm . opts)
+(define (vm-trace-off vm . opts)
   (if (memq :b opts) (remove-hook! (vm-next-hook vm) trace-next))
   (remove-hook! (vm-apply-hook vm) trace-apply)
   (remove-hook! (vm-return-hook vm) trace-return))