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Doc of MOP for instance and class creation

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* doc/ref/goops.texi (Instance Creation Protocol): Rename from
  `Customizing Instance Creation', and move before the more
  complicated class definition stuff.  Couple of very minor edits.

  (Class Definition Protocol): Remove ensure-metaclass-with-supers
  (too internal) and repeated material.  Move class-redefinition
  stuff to (existing) later section on that.  Merge reference-like
  material from `Customizing Class Definition' to here.
This commit is contained in:
Neil Jerram 2011-02-18 19:47:05 +00:00
parent 476a51eb38
commit d9ff8506b3
1 changed files with 201 additions and 263 deletions
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doc/ref/goops.texi
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@ -1789,9 +1789,9 @@ customizing the behaviour of GOOPS itself.
* Metaobjects and the Metaobject Protocol:: * Metaobjects and the Metaobject Protocol::
* Metaclasses:: * Metaclasses::
* MOP Specification:: * MOP Specification::
* Instance Creation Protocol::
* Class Definition Protocol:: * Class Definition Protocol::
* Customizing Class Definition:: * Customizing Class Definition::
* Customizing Instance Creation::
* Class Redefinition:: * Class Redefinition::
* Method Definition:: * Method Definition::
* Method Definition Internals:: * Method Definition Internals::
@ -2026,6 +2026,93 @@ effects
what the caller expects to get as the applied method's return value. what the caller expects to get as the applied method's return value.
@end itemize @end itemize
@node Instance Creation Protocol
@subsection Instance Creation Protocol
@code{make <class> . @var{initargs}} (method)
@itemize @bullet
@item
@code{allocate-instance @var{class} @var{initargs}} (generic)
The applied @code{allocate-instance} method should allocate storage for
a new instance of class @var{class} and return the uninitialized instance.
@item
@code{initialize @var{instance} @var{initargs}} (generic)
@var{instance} is the uninitialized instance returned by
@code{allocate-instance}. The applied method should initialize the new
instance in whatever sense is appropriate for its class. The method's
return value is ignored.
@end itemize
@code{make} itself is a generic function. Hence the @code{make}
invocation itself can be customized in the case where the new instance's
metaclass is more specialized than the default @code{<class>}, by
defining a @code{make} method that is specialized to that metaclass.
Normally, however, the method for classes with metaclass @code{<class>}
will be applied. This method calls two generic functions:
@itemize @bullet
@item
(allocate-instance @var{class} . @var{initargs})
@item
(initialize @var{instance} . @var{initargs})
@end itemize
@code{allocate-instance} allocates storage for and returns the new
instance, uninitialized. You might customize @code{allocate-instance},
for example, if you wanted to provide a GOOPS wrapper around some other
object programming system.
To do this, you would create a specialized metaclass, which would act as
the metaclass for all classes and instances from the other system. Then
define an @code{allocate-instance} method, specialized to that
metaclass, which calls a Guile primitive C function (or FFI code), which
in turn allocates the new instance using the interface of the other
object system.
In this case, for a complete system, you would also need to customize a
number of other generic functions like @code{make} and
@code{initialize}, so that GOOPS knows how to make classes from the
other system, access instance slots, and so on.
@code{initialize} initializes the instance that is returned by
@code{allocate-instance}. The standard GOOPS methods perform
initializations appropriate to the instance class.
@itemize @bullet
@item
At the least specialized level, the method for instances of type
@code{<object>} performs internal GOOPS instance initialization, and
initializes the instance's slots according to the slot definitions and
any slot initialization keywords that appear in @var{initargs}.
@item
The method for instances of type @code{<class>} calls
@code{(next-method)}, then performs the class initializations described
in @ref{Class Definition Protocol}.
@item
and so on for generic functions, methods, operator classes @dots{}
@end itemize
Similarly, you can customize the initialization of instances of any
application-defined class by defining an @code{initialize} method
specialized to that class.
Imagine a class whose instances' slots need to be initialized at
instance creation time by querying a database. Although it might be
possible to achieve this a combination of @code{#:init-thunk} keywords
and closures in the slot definitions, it may be neater to write an
@code{initialize} method for the class that queries the database once
and initializes all the dependent slot values according to the results.
@node Class Definition Protocol @node Class Definition Protocol
@subsection Class Definition Protocol @subsection Class Definition Protocol
@ -2047,11 +2134,6 @@ functions that may be involved in class definition.
@item @item
@code{ensure-metaclass} (procedure) @code{ensure-metaclass} (procedure)
@itemize @bullet
@item
@code{ensure-metaclass-with-supers} (procedure)
@end itemize
@item @item
@code{make @var{metaclass} @dots{}} (generic) @code{make @var{metaclass} @dots{}} (generic)
@ -2110,47 +2192,119 @@ that does not call @code{next-method} and does not call
@code{compute-cpl}, then @code{compute-cpl} will not be called when a @code{compute-cpl}, then @code{compute-cpl} will not be called when a
class is defined with that metaclass. class is defined with that metaclass.
A @code{(define-class ...)} form (@pxref{Class Definition}) expands to
@code{define-class} (syntax) an expression which
@itemize @bullet @itemize @bullet
@item @item
@code{class} (syntax) checks that it is being evaluated only at top level
@item
defines any accessors that are implied by the @var{slot-definition}s
@item
uses @code{class} to create the new class
@item
checks for a previous class definition for @var{name} and, if found,
handles the redefinition by invoking @code{class-redefinition}
(@pxref{Redefining a Class}).
@end itemize
@deffn syntax class name (super @dots{}) slot-definition @dots{} . options
Return a newly created class that inherits from @var{super}s, with
direct slots defined by @var{slot-definition}s and class options
@var{options}. For the format of @var{slot-definition}s and
@var{options}, see @ref{Class Definition,, define-class}.
@end deffn
@noindent @code{class} expands to an expression which
@itemize @bullet @itemize @bullet
@item @item
@code{make-class} (procedure) processes the class and slot definition options to check that they are
well-formed, to convert the @code{#:init-form} option to an
@code{#:init-thunk} option, to supply a default environment parameter
(the current top-level environment) and to evaluate all the bits that
need to be evaluated
@item
calls @code{make-class} to create the class with the processed and
evaluated parameters.
@end itemize
@deffn procedure make-class supers slots . options
Return a newly created class that inherits from @var{supers}, with
direct slots defined by @var{slots} and class options @var{options}.
For the format of @var{slots} and @var{options}, see @ref{Class
Definition,, define-class}, except note that for @code{make-class},
@var{slots} and @var{options} are separate list parameters: @var{slots}
here is a list of slot definitions.
@end deffn
@noindent @code{make-class}
@itemize @bullet @itemize @bullet
@item @item
@code{make @var{metaclass} @dots{}} (generic) adds @code{<object>} to the @var{supers} list if @var{supers} is empty
or if none of the classes in @var{supers} have @code{<object>} in their
class precedence list
@item
defaults the @code{#:environment}, @code{#:name} and @code{#:metaclass}
options, if they are not specified by @var{options}, to the current
top-level environment, the unbound value, and @code{(ensure-metaclass
@var{supers})} respectively
@item
checks for duplicate classes in @var{supers} and duplicate slot names in
@var{slots}, and signals an error if there are any duplicates
@item
calls @code{make}, passing the metaclass as the first parameter and all
other parameters as option keywords with values.
@end itemize
@deffn procedure ensure-metaclass supers env
Return a metaclass suitable for a class that inherits from the list of
classes in @var{supers}. The returned metaclass is the union by
inheritance of the metaclasses of the classes in @var{supers}.
In the simplest case, where all the @var{supers} are straightforward
classes with metaclass @code{<class>}, the returned metaclass is just
@code{<class>}.
For a more complex example, suppose that @var{supers} contained one
class with metaclass @code{<operator-class>} and one with metaclass
@code{<foreign-object-class>}. Then the returned metaclass would be a
class that inherits from both @code{<operator-class>} and
@code{<foreign-object-class>}.
If @var{supers} is the empty list, @code{ensure-metaclass} returns the
default GOOPS metaclass @code{<class>}.
GOOPS keeps a list of the metaclasses created by
@code{ensure-metaclass}, so that each required type of metaclass only
has to be created once.
The @code{env} parameter is ignored.
@end deffn
@deffn generic make metaclass @dots{}
@var{metaclass} is the metaclass of the class being defined, either @var{metaclass} is the metaclass of the class being defined, either
taken from the @code{#:metaclass} class option or computed by taken from the @code{#:metaclass} class option or computed by
@code{ensure-metaclass}. The applied method must create and return the @code{ensure-metaclass}. The applied method must create and return the
fully initialized class metaobject for the new class definition. fully initialized class metaobject for the new class definition.
@end itemize @end deffn
@end itemize The @code{(make @var{metaclass} @dots{})} invocation is a particular
case of the instance creation protocol covered in the previous section.
It will create an class metaobject with metaclass @var{metaclass}. By
default, this metaobject will be initialized by the @code{initialize}
method that is specialized for instances of type @code{<class>}.
@item The @code{initialize} method for classes (signature @code{(initialize
@code{class-redefinition @var{old-class} @var{new-class}} (generic) <class> initargs)}) calls the following generic functions.
@code{define-class} calls @code{class-redefinition} if the variable
specified by its first argument already held a GOOPS class definition.
@var{old-class} and @var{new-class} are the old and new class metaobjects.
The applied method should perform whatever is necessary to handle the
redefinition, and should return the class metaobject that is to be bound
to @code{define-class}'s variable. The default class redefinition
protocol is described in @ref{Class Redefinition}.
@end itemize
The @code{(make @var{metaclass} @dots{})} invocation above will create
an class metaobject with metaclass @var{metaclass}. By default, this
metaobject will be initialized by the @code{initialize} method that is
specialized for instances of type @code{<class>}.
@code{initialize <class> @var{initargs}} (method)
@itemize @bullet @itemize @bullet
@item @item
@ -2241,154 +2395,9 @@ to the generic function named by the slot definition's @code{#:setter}
or @code{#:accessor} option. or @code{#:accessor} option.
@end itemize @end itemize
@code{define-class} expands to an expression which
@itemize @bullet
@item
checks that it is being evaluated only at top level
@item
defines any accessors that are implied by the @var{slot-definition}s
@item
uses @code{class} to create the new class (@pxref{Class Definition
Protocol,, class})
@item
checks for a previous class definition for @var{name} and, if found,
handles the redefinition by invoking @code{class-redefinition}
(@pxref{Redefining a Class}).
@end itemize
@deffn syntax class name (super @dots{}) slot-definition @dots{} . options
Return a newly created class that inherits from @var{super}s, with
direct slots defined by @var{slot-definition}s and class options
@var{options}. For the format of @var{slot-definition}s and
@var{options}, see @ref{Class Definition,, define-class}.
@end deffn
@noindent @code{class} expands to an expression which
@itemize @bullet
@item
processes the class and slot definition options to check that they are
well-formed, to convert the @code{#:init-form} option to an
@code{#:init-thunk} option, to supply a default environment parameter
(the current top-level environment) and to evaluate all the bits that
need to be evaluated
@item
calls @code{make-class} to create the class with the processed and
evaluated parameters.
@end itemize
@deffn procedure make-class supers slots . options
Return a newly created class that inherits from @var{supers}, with
direct slots defined by @var{slots} and class options @var{options}.
For the format of @var{slots} and @var{options}, see @ref{Class
Definition,, define-class}, except note that for @code{make-class},
@var{slots} and @var{options} are separate list parameters: @var{slots}
here is a list of slot definitions.
@end deffn
@noindent @code{make-class}
@itemize @bullet
@item
adds @code{<object>} to the @var{supers} list if @var{supers} is empty
or if none of the classes in @var{supers} have @code{<object>} in their
class precedence list
@item
defaults the @code{#:environment}, @code{#:name} and @code{#:metaclass}
options, if they are not specified by @var{options}, to the current
top-level environment, the unbound value, and @code{(ensure-metaclass
@var{supers})} respectively (@pxref{Class Definition Protocol,,
ensure-metaclass})
@item
checks for duplicate classes in @var{supers} and duplicate slot names in
@var{slots}, and signals an error if there are any duplicates
@item
calls @code{make}, passing the metaclass as the first parameter and all
other parameters as option keywords with values.
@end itemize
@deffn procedure ensure-metaclass supers env
Return a metaclass suitable for a class that inherits from the list of
classes in @var{supers}. The returned metaclass is the union by
inheritance of the metaclasses of the classes in @var{supers}.
In the simplest case, where all the @var{supers} are straightforward
classes with metaclass @code{<class>}, the returned metaclass is just
@code{<class>}.
For a more complex example, suppose that @var{supers} contained one
class with metaclass @code{<operator-class>} and one with metaclass
@code{<foreign-object-class>}. Then the returned metaclass would be a
class that inherits from both @code{<operator-class>} and
@code{<foreign-object-class>}.
If @var{supers} is the empty list, @code{ensure-metaclass} returns the
default GOOPS metaclass @code{<class>}.
GOOPS keeps a list of the metaclasses created by
@code{ensure-metaclass}, so that each required type of metaclass only
has to be created once.
The @code{env} parameter is ignored.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure ensure-metaclass-with-supers meta-supers
@code{ensure-metaclass-with-supers} is an internal procedure used by
@code{ensure-metaclass} (@pxref{Class Definition Protocol,,
ensure-metaclass}). It returns a metaclass that is the union by
inheritance of the metaclasses in @var{meta-supers}.
@end deffn
The internals of @code{make}, which is ultimately used to create the new
class object, are described in @ref{Customizing Instance Creation},
which covers the creation and initialization of instances in general.
@node Customizing Class Definition @node Customizing Class Definition
@subsection Customizing Class Definition @subsection Customizing Class Definition
During the initialization of a new class, GOOPS calls a number of generic
functions with the newly allocated class instance as the first
argument. Specifically, GOOPS calls the generic function
@itemize @bullet
@item
(initialize @var{class} @dots{})
@end itemize
where @var{class} is the newly allocated class instance, and the default
@code{initialize} method for arguments of type @code{<class>} calls the
generic functions
@itemize @bullet
@item
(compute-cpl @var{class})
@item
(compute-slots @var{class})
@item
(compute-get-n-set @var{class} @var{slot-def}), for each of the slot
definitions returned by @code{compute-slots}
@item
(compute-getter-method @var{class} @var{slot-def}), for each of the
slot definitions returned by @code{compute-slots} that includes a
@code{#:getter} or @code{#:accessor} slot option
@item
(compute-setter-method @var{class} @var{slot-def}), for each of the
slot definitions returned by @code{compute-slots} that includes a
@code{#:setter} or @code{#:accessor} slot option.
@end itemize
If the metaclass of the new class is something more specialized than the If the metaclass of the new class is something more specialized than the
default @code{<class>}, then the type of @var{class} in the calls above default @code{<class>}, then the type of @var{class} in the calls above
is more specialized than @code{<class>}, and hence it becomes possible is more specialized than @code{<class>}, and hence it becomes possible
@ -2406,8 +2415,7 @@ customized in order to modify the CPL ordering algorithm for all classes
with a special metaclass. with a special metaclass.
The default CPL algorithm is encapsulated by the @code{compute-std-cpl} The default CPL algorithm is encapsulated by the @code{compute-std-cpl}
procedure, which is in turn called by the default @code{compute-cpl} procedure, which is called by the default @code{compute-cpl} method.
method.
@deffn procedure compute-std-cpl class @deffn procedure compute-std-cpl class
Compute and return the class precedence list for @var{class} according Compute and return the class precedence list for @var{class} according
@ -2476,7 +2484,7 @@ allocation to do this.
@end example @end example
The usage of @code{compute-getter-method} and @code{compute-setter-method} The usage of @code{compute-getter-method} and @code{compute-setter-method}
is described in @ref{MOP Specification}. is described in @ref{Class Definition Protocol}.
@code{compute-cpl} and @code{compute-get-n-set} are called by the @code{compute-cpl} and @code{compute-get-n-set} are called by the
standard @code{initialize} method for classes whose metaclass is standard @code{initialize} method for classes whose metaclass is
@ -2487,94 +2495,24 @@ behaviour, by not calling @code{(next-method)} at all, but more
typically it would perform additional class initialization steps before typically it would perform additional class initialization steps before
and/or after calling @code{(next-method)} for the standard behaviour. and/or after calling @code{(next-method)} for the standard behaviour.
@node Customizing Instance Creation
@subsection Customizing Instance Creation
@code{make <class> . @var{initargs}} (method)
@itemize @bullet
@item
@code{allocate-instance @var{class} @var{initargs}} (generic)
The applied @code{allocate-instance} method should allocate storage for
a new instance of class @var{class} and return the uninitialized instance.
@item
@code{initialize @var{instance} @var{initargs}} (generic)
@var{instance} is the uninitialized instance returned by
@code{allocate-instance}. The applied method should initialize the new
instance in whatever sense is appropriate for its class. The method's
return value is ignored.
@end itemize
@code{make} itself is a generic function. Hence the @code{make}
invocation itself can be customized in the case where the new instance's
metaclass is more specialized than the default @code{<class>}, by
defining a @code{make} method that is specialized to that metaclass.
Normally, however, the method for classes with metaclass @code{<class>}
will be applied. This method calls two generic functions:
@itemize @bullet
@item
(allocate-instance @var{class} . @var{initargs})
@item
(initialize @var{instance} . @var{initargs})
@end itemize
@code{allocate-instance} allocates storage for and returns the new
instance, uninitialized. You might customize @code{allocate-instance},
for example, if you wanted to provide a GOOPS wrapper around some other
object programming system.
To do this, you would create a specialized metaclass, which would act as
the metaclass for all classes and instances from the other system. Then
define an @code{allocate-instance} method, specialized to that
metaclass, which calls a Guile primitive C function, which in turn
allocates the new instance using the interface of the other object
system.
In this case, for a complete system, you would also need to customize a
number of other generic functions like @code{make} and
@code{initialize}, so that GOOPS knows how to make classes from the
other system, access instance slots, and so on.
@code{initialize} initializes the instance that is returned by
@code{allocate-instance}. The standard GOOPS methods perform
initializations appropriate to the instance class.
@itemize @bullet
@item
At the least specialized level, the method for instances of type
@code{<object>} performs internal GOOPS instance initialization, and
initializes the instance's slots according to the slot definitions and
any slot initialization keywords that appear in @var{initargs}.
@item
The method for instances of type @code{<class>} calls
@code{(next-method)}, then performs the class initializations described
in @ref{Customizing Class Definition}.
@item
and so on for generic functions, method, operator classes @dots{}
@end itemize
Similarly, you can customize the initialization of instances of any
application-defined class by defining an @code{initialize} method
specialized to that class.
Imagine a class whose instances' slots need to be initialized at
instance creation time by querying a database. Although it might be
possible to achieve this a combination of @code{#:init-thunk} keywords
and closures in the slot definitions, it is neater to write an
@code{initialize} method for the class that queries the database once
and initializes all the dependent slot values according to the results.
@node Class Redefinition @node Class Redefinition
@subsection Class Redefinition @subsection Class Redefinition
@itemize @bullet
@item
@code{class-redefinition @var{old-class} @var{new-class}} (generic)
@code{define-class} calls @code{class-redefinition} if the variable
specified by its first argument already held a GOOPS class definition.
@var{old-class} and @var{new-class} are the old and new class metaobjects.
The applied method should perform whatever is necessary to handle the
redefinition, and should return the class metaobject that is to be bound
to @code{define-class}'s variable. The default class redefinition
protocol is described in @ref{Class Redefinition}.
@end itemize
The default @code{class-redefinition} method, specialized for classes The default @code{class-redefinition} method, specialized for classes
with the default metaclass @code{<class>}, has the following internal with the default metaclass @code{<class>}, has the following internal
protocol. protocol.