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* modules/module-snippets.texi: Fixed a lot of typos and clarified

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some points.  Thanks to Neil for the typo+questions patch!
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@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
2001-05-08 Martin Grabmueller <mgrabmue@cs.tu-berlin.de>
* modules/module-snippets.texi: Fixed a lot of typos and clarified
some points. Thanks to Neil for the typo+questions patch!
2001-05-07 Martin Grabmueller <mgrabmue@cs.tu-berlin.de>
* modules/module-snippets.texi: New file, documenting the module

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\input texinfo
@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename module-snippets.info
@settitle Module Snippets
@iftex
@afourpaper
@end iftex
@c %**end of header
@set UPDATED 7May 2001
@set EDITION 0.0.1
@set VERSION 0.0.1
@dircategory Guile
@direntry
* module-snippets: (module-snippets). Documentation for the Guile Module System
@end direntry
@c --- title page starts here ---
@titlepage
@title Module Snippets
@subtitle Documentation for the Guile Module System
@subtitle Version @value{VERSION}
@author Martin Grabmueller
@c The following two commands
@c start the copyright page.
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 2001 Martin Grabmueller
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.
@end titlepage
@c --- title page ends here ---
@syncodeindex vr cp
@syncodeindex fn cp
@c ===================================================================
@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
@ifinfo
This file tries to shed some light on Guile's current module system.
@end ifinfo
@menu
* Introduction:: What is this all about?
* Module Data Type:: Modules from a data-centric view.
* Modules and Evaluation:: Interaction between the module system
and the evaluator.
* Index:: Procedure index.
@end menu
@c ===================================================================
@node Introduction, Module Data Type, Top, Top
@chapter Introduction
This document contains all information about the module system I have
been able to deduce from the source code or from mailing list
conversation. I have written down everything while trying to figure out
how the Guile module system actually works, and some of the text is
taken from commentary in the file @file{boot-9.scm}.
The information contained herein is surely not complete, and I will be
happy to receive additions, corrections and suggestions for improving
it.
Also note that the information contained in this document reflects the
current state as of the time writing, and the facts stated are not
guaranteed to be stable. A complete redesign of the module system is
planned for a long time now, and actually might happen some day.
There are basically three views on the module system:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Data-centric: The module as a data type, with all procedures for
creating and manipulating modules. This is documented in the
@ref{Module Data Type}.
@item
Declarational: How to use declarations like @code{use-modules} or
@code{define-module} for dealing with modules and the scoping mechanisms
they provide. This issue is documented in the Guile Reference Manual,
and will not be covered in detail here.
@item
Internal: How do the module system and the Guile evaluator interact?
This is documented in @ref{Modules and Evaluation}.
@end itemize
@c ===================================================================
@node Module Data Type, Modules and Evaluation, Introduction, Top
@chapter Module Data Type
This chapter will describe the module system from the point of the data
type @code{module}. Thus we will first see what this data type looks
like and what operations are defined on it.
Modules in Guile are instances of a data type @code{module}. A module
has the following fields.
@table @var
@item obarray
This is a hash table which contains all bindings made in the module.
@item uses-list
List of the modules imported by the module. A lot of search procedures
search through all modules in this list when a specified binding cannot
be found in the module's obarray.
@item lazy-binding-proc
A procedure for determining a binding for a module lazily. This is
invoked if a binding for a name is requested from the module, but does
not exist. The procedure can create a new binding, by loading
additional code or fetching it from another module/data structure.
@item eval-closure
A procedure for determining a binding in a module. The evaluator uses
this procedure for accessing top-level variables.
@item transformer
The syntax transformer used for all evaluations in the module.
@item name
The name of the module. This is a list of symbols, such as
@code{(guile)} or @code{(ice-9 popen)}.
@item kind
A symbol describing the type of the module. Normal modules are of type
@code{module}, interfaces are of type @code{interface} and directories
(modules which implement the hierarchical namespace) are of kind
@code{directory}). Autoload modules (placeholder for not-yet-loaded
modules) are of type @code{autoload}. FIXME: Are there other types?
@item observers
A list of procedures to call when one of the module's bindings is
removed or modified or a new binding is created.
@item weak-observers
Similar to @var{observers}, but this is a hash table from which the
observer procedures will magically disappear when there are no other
references to the procedure left except from the module they observe.
@item observer-id
This is an integer, which specifies the identifer the next weak observer
will get. It is incremented each time a weak observer is added.
@end table
@menu
* The Data Type:: The data type @code{module}.
* Module Loading:: How to load modules.
* Modules and Variables:: How do variables and modules relate.
* Iterating over Module Bindings:: How to access all bindings of a module.
* The Lazy Binder:: The lazy binding procedures.
* Module Observers:: The observer protocol.
* The Current Module:: Notion of ``current module'' in Guile.
* High-Level Module Access:: High-level access to module features.
* Recursive Namespaces:: Hierarchical organisation of namespaces.
* Module Hierarchy:: The currently implemented hierarchy.
* Modules and Interfaces:: How modules implement different scopes.
* Modules and Environments:: Relation between modules and environments.
* Modules Miscallenea:: Miscellaneous module procedures.
@end menu
@c ===================================================================
@node The Data Type, Module Loading, Module Data Type, Module Data Type
@section The Data Type
A new module is created using @code{make-module}. Several procedures
are defined for accessing the members of a module.
@deffn procedure make-module size uses-list lazy-binding-proc
Create a new module and initialize its fields with the parameters.
@table @var
@item size
Size of the module's obarray.
@item uses-list
List of the modules imported by the module.
@item lazy-binding-proc
The procedure for determining a binding for a module lazily.
@end table
@end deffn
The various fields of a module can be accessed and modified using the
following procedures:
@deffn procedure module-obarray module
@deffnx procedure set-module-obarray! module obj
@deffnx procedure module-uses module
@deffnx procedure set-module-uses! module obj
@deffnx procedure module-binder module
@deffnx procedure set-module-binder! module obj
@deffnx procedure module-eval-closure module
@deffnx procedure set-module-eval-closure! module obj
@deffnx procedure module-transformer module
@deffnx procedure set-module-transformer! module obj
@deffnx procedure module-name module
@deffnx procedure set-module-name! module obj
@deffnx procedure module-kind module
@deffnx procedure set-module-kind! module obj
@deffnx procedure module-observers module
@deffnx procedure set-module-observers! module obj
@deffnx procedure module-weak-observers module
@deffnx procedure module-observer-id module
@deffnx procedure set-module-observer-id! module obj
Read the corresponding member of @var{module}, or write the value
@var{obj} into the slot.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module? obj
This is the type predicate for modules, which will return @code{#t} if
its argument is a module, and @code{#f} otherwise.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure make-scm-module
This will create a module which represents Guile's builtin bindings.
Initially, it is empty, but when variable lookups are made in it, the
requested bindings will get copied into the module from the internal
obarray. Bindings will get copied even if only accessed.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure make-root-module
Create a new module which works on the internal obarrary. The
difference to the modules returned by @code{make-scm-module} is that
bindings are only copied to the obarray if they are explicitly defined.
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node Module Loading, Modules and Variables, The Data Type, Module Data Type
@section Module Loading
The normal way of loading modules in Scheme programs is to use the
special form @code{use-modules}, which loads the source of one or more
specified modules and imports their public bindings into the current
module. This procedure is documented in the Guile Reference Manual, so
I will not go into details here. This section rather contains the
underlying mechanisms, on which @code{use-modules} is built.
Normally, you will not need to create new modules explicitly, adding
definitions to it manually. For more often, you will want to load some
Scheme code from a file, and install its definitions into a module, only
exporting the public bits. This is what the procedure
@code{resolve-module} is for.
@deffn procedure resolve-module name [maybe-autoload]
If the module @var{name} already exists, return it. Otherwise, try to
load the Scheme code for @var{name} into a newly created module, adding
the exports to the public interface.
The parameter @var{maybe-autoload} controls the behaviour when the
module code is going to be loaded.
@table @asis
@item @var{maybe-autoload} == @code{#f}
Do not defer loading.
@item @var{maybe-autoload} == @code{#t}
Defer loading of the source code until a binding from the module is
requested.
@item @var{maybe-autoload} not given
Like @var{maybe-autoload} == @code{#t}.
@end table
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node Modules and Variables, Iterating over Module Bindings, Module Loading, Module Data Type
@section Modules and Variables
Modules can be regarded as mappings from symbols (variable names) to
bindings (variable locations). The procedures documented in this
section can be used to test whether such a mapping exists for a given
variable name, how to add mappings and how to retrieve a variables
value.
We sometimes want to look for properties of a symbol just within the
obarray of one module. If the property holds, then it is said to hold
``locally'' as in, ``The symbol @code{display} is locally rebound in the
module @code{safe-guile}.''
Other times, we want to test for a symbol property in the obarray of
@var{m} and, if it is not found there, try each of the modules in the
uses list of @var{m}. This is the normal way of testing for some
property, so we state these properties without qualification as in:
``The symbol 'fnord is interned in module M because it is interned
locally in module @var{m2} which is a member of the uses list of
@var{m}.''
@deffn procedure module-locally-bound? module sym
Test if @var{sym} is bound in @var{module} directly, e.g. it does not
suffice that @var{sym} is bound in one of the used modules of
@var{module}. @dfn{Bound} means that the symbol is interned and bound
to some well-defined value.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-bound? module sym
Return true if @var{sym} is bound in @var{module} or one of the modules
in @var{module}'s uses list. The search looks in all transitively used
modules. @dfn{Bound} means that the symbol is interned and bound to
some well-defined value.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-symbol-locally-interned? module sym
Test if @var{sym} is interned in @var{module} directly, e.g. it does not
suffice that @var{sym} is bound in one of the used modules of
@var{module}. Unlike @code{module-locally-bound}, the symbol is not
required to be bound to a well-defined value.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-symbol-interned? module sym
Return true if @var{sym} is interned in @var{module} or one of the
modules in @var{module}'s uses list. The search looks in all
transitively used modules. Unlike @code{module-bound}, the symbol is
not required to be bound to a well-defined value.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-local-variable module sym
Return a variable object for @var{SYM} in the module @var{module}, or
@code{#f} if no such symbol is defined in @var{module}. If the symbols
is not found at first, but the module has a lazy binder, then try the
binder.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-variable module sym
Return a variable object for @var{sym} in the module @var{module} or one
of its used modules, or @code{#f} if no such symbol is defined in
@var{module} or its uses.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-symbol-local-binding module symbol [opt-value]
Return the value of the binding called @var{symbol} in @var{module}, or
@var{opt-val} if no such binding exists. If no @var{opt-value} is given
and no binding exists, an error is thrown.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-symbol-binding module symbol [opt-value]
Return the value of the binding called @var{symbol} in @var{module}, or
@var{opt-val} if no such binding exists. If no @var{opt-value} is given
and no binding exists, an error is thrown. Unlike
@code{module-symbol-local-binding}, this will search all used modules as
well as @var{module}.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-make-local-var! module symbol
Create a binding for a variable called @var{symbol} in @var{module} and
return the variable object representing the new location in the module.
If @var{symbol} is already defined in @var{module}, nothing happens.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-add! module symbol var
Add the variable @var{var} to @var{module} under the name @var{symbol}.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-remove! module symbol
Remove the binding for @var{symbol} in @var{module}. The return value
is not specified.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-clear! module
Remove all bindings from @var{module}.
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node Iterating over Module Bindings, The Lazy Binder, Modules and Variables, Module Data Type
@section Iterating over Module Bindings
@deffn procedure module-for-each proc module
Apply @var{proc} to every binding in @var{module}. @var{proc} is called
with two parameters, the name and variable for each binding.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-map proc module
Apply @var{proc} to every binding in @var{module} and return a list of
the results of all applications of @var{proc}. @var{proc} is called
with two parameters, the name and variable for each binding.
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node The Lazy Binder, Module Observers, Iterating over Module Bindings, Module Data Type
@section The Lazy Binder
The lazy binding procedures which are connected to modules are invoked
every time a binding is searched in a module, but is not present. A
binder is called with three arguments.
When a lazy binder returns a variable object, the search is successful
and the return value will be used. If the return value is @code{#f},
the search is continued in the modules from the uses list. FIXME: Is
this always the case or only in the standard eval closure?
@table @var
@item module
The module for which the binding is requested.
@item symbol
The name of the searched symbol.
@item define?
@code{#t} if the binding should be defined, @code{#f} otherwise.
@end table
@c ===================================================================
@node Module Observers, The Current Module, The Lazy Binder, Module Data Type
@section Module Observers
A module can have a number of @dfn{observers} attached. These are
procedures which are called whenever something withing the module
changes. This can be the creation, deletion or modification of a
binding.
When a change occurs, the procedure @code{module-modified} (documented
below in this section) will be called which in turn will apply all
observer procedures to the modified module.
@deffn procedure module-observe module proc
Add the observer @var{proc} to @var{module} and return a pair of
@var{module} and @var{proc}. The returned value can be used with
@code{module-unobserve}.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-observe-weak module proc
Add @var{proc} as a weak observer to @var{module} and erturn a pair of
@var{module} and a unique integer, the observer ID. The returned value
can be used with @code{module-unobserve}.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-unobserve token
Remove an observer from a module. The module and the observer to be
removed are taken from @var{token}, which must be returned by
@code{module-observe} or @code{module-unobserve}.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-modified m
Signal a modification of module @var{m} to all associated observers.
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node The Current Module, High-Level Module Access, Module Observers, Module Data Type
@section The Current Module
For all evaluations, Guile maintains a so-called @dfn{current
module}.@footnote{A current module does not exist until Guile has been
completely booted, that means until @file{boot-9.scm} has been loaded.
But this should be no issue unless you are doing weird things withe the
module system, which might be a bad idea, but YMMV.} This is used for
all top-level definitions and variable lookups. When the current module
changes, new definitions will go to the new module. The procedures in
this section manipulate the notion of the current module.
The current module is also used when C code calls @code{scm_make_gsubr}
for creating new primitives or @code{scm_sysintern} for interning
symbols. From C, the current module can be set by calling
@code{scm_set_current_module}, which will return the old module. This
returned module can later be used to switch back to the old module after
creating a new one and installing bindings there.
@deffn procedure set-current-module module
Make @var{module} the current module, into which all following
definitions will go. Return the old module in effect before the call to
@code{set-current-module}.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure current-module
Return the module which is currently registered as the @dfn{current
module}.
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node High-Level Module Access, Recursive Namespaces, The Current Module, Module Data Type
@section High-Level Module Access
The procedure in the previous chapter are not for general use. The
current chapter will document all procedures which are meant to be used
by users who need to work with modules.
The parameter @var{module} in the following descriptions must be a
module, @var{name} must be a symbol (which most probably will need to be
quoted).
@deffn procedure module-ref module name [default]
Return the value of a variable called @var{name} in @var{module} or any
of its used modules. If there is no such variable, then if the optional
third argument @var{default} is present, it is returned; otherwise an
error is signaled.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-set! module name value
Sets the variable called @var{name} in @var{module} (or in a module that
@var{module} uses) to @var{value}; if there is no such variable, an
error is signaled.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-define! module name value
Sets the variable called @var{name} in @var{module} to @var{value}; if
there is no such variable, it is added first.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-defined? module name
Return @code{#t} if @var{name} is defined in @var{module} (or in a
module that @var{module} uses).
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-use! module interface
Add @var{interface} to the list of interfaces used by @var{module}. For
information what an @dfn{interface} is, see @ref{Modules and
Interfaces}.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure module-export! module names
Add all variables from @var{names} (a list of symbols) to the public
interface of @var{module} (@pxref{Modules and Interfaces}).
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node Recursive Namespaces, Module Hierarchy, High-Level Module Access, Module Data Type
@section Recursive Namespaces
A hierarchical namespace emerges if we consider some module to be root,
and variables bound to modules as nested namespaces.
The modules which implement the internal nodes are of kind
@code{directory}. FIXME: Is this correct?
The routines in this chapter manage variable names in hierarchical
namespace. Each variable name is a list of elements, looked up in
successively nested modules.
@example
(nested-ref some-root-module '(foo bar baz))
@result{}
<value of a variable named baz in the module bound to bar in
the module bound to foo in some-root-module>
@end example
@deffn procedure nested-ref root names
Look up the variable identified by the symbol list @var{names}, starting
in the module @var{root}.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure nested-set! root names val
Set the variable identified by the symbol list @var{names} to @var{val},
starting the variable lookup in module @var{root}. The return value is
not specified.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure nested-define! root names val
Set the variable identified by the symbol list @var{names} to @var{val},
starting the variable lookup in module @var{root}. If the variable does
not exist, create it before setting its value. The return value is not
specified.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure nested-remove! root names
Remove the variable identified by the symbol list @var{names}, starting
the variable lookup in module @var{root}. The return value is not
specified.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure local-ref names
@deffnx procedure local-set! names val
@deffnx procedure local-define! names val
@deffnx procedure local-remove! names
Like the @code{nested-ref}, @code{nested-set!}, @code{nested-define!}
and @code{nested-remove!} procedures above, but start the variable
lookup in the module returned by @code{current-module}.
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node Module Hierarchy, Modules and Interfaces, Recursive Namespaces, Module Data Type
@section Module Hierarchy
Currently, the following entries are defined in the hierarchical
namespace.
@table @code
@item (app)
This is the root of all named objects which are not in the top level.
@item (app modules)
This is the directory of all modules.
@item (app modules guile)
This is the standard root module.
@end table
User modules which are loaded into Guile as well as the modules shipped
with the Guile distribution are installed under @code{(app modules)} as
well.
@c ===================================================================
@node Modules and Interfaces, Modules and Environments, Module Hierarchy, Module Data Type
@section Modules and Interfaces
Interfaces are modules of kind @code{interface}. They always belong to
another module and contain the bindings which are exported from that
module. Interfaces are the means by which the different scopes of a
module (private vs. public bindings) are implemented.
Every module can define a special variable called
@code{%module-public-interface}, which is bound to the module's
interface.
Whenever a variable is exported (with the @code{export} form or the
@code{:export} keyword in the @code{define-module} form), this variable
is added to the defining module's interface. Because importing a module
means adding other modules' interfaces to the uses list, the exported
variables become visible in the importing module.
@deffn procedure module-public-interface m
Return the public interface of module @var{m}, or @code{#f} if @var{m}
does not have a public interface.
@end deffn
@deffn procedure set-module-public-interface! m i
Set the public interface of the module @var{m} to @var{i}.
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node Modules and Environments, Modules Miscallenea, Modules and Interfaces, Module Data Type
@section Modules and Environments
An environment belongs to a specific module, which can be determined by
calling @code{environment-module}.
@deffn procedure environment-module env
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node Modules Miscallenea, , Modules and Environments, Module Data Type
@section Modules Miscallenea
This chapter contains all miscellaneous information and procedure
documentation which I have not been able to include elsewhere. If
someone knows how to include them into other chapters, suggestions are
welcome.
@deffn procedure set-system-module! m s
Set the @code{system-module} property of the module @var{m} to @var{s}.
@var{s} should be a module telling whehter @var{m} is a system module or
not. System modules are treated specially in some cases, for example
procedures defined in system modules are excluded from backtraces.
FIXME: Is this last sentence true?
@end deffn
@c ===================================================================
@node Modules and Evaluation, Index, Module Data Type, Top
@chapter Modules and Evaluation
Up to here, we have seen how modules are implemented as a data type,
which can be manipulated by C and Scheme code to implement module system
work like providing private and public name spaces, loading of modules
and creating new modules.
This chapter will describe the connection between the module system and
the Guile evaluator. Top-level variables (that is, variables not
lexically bound) need to be resolved in the current module, and if not
defined there, in the used modules, and so on, until the root module has
been asked for the bindings.
First, we have to recall how Guile normally figures out the location for
a given variable when evaluating a form. The evaluator starts by
scanning the lexical environment it maintains. It first looks in each
slot in the top-most environment frame, continuing in the next frame and
so on, until it reaches the end of the lexical environment chain.
The @sc{car} of the last pair of the environment chain is either
@code{#f}, or it is a procedure. When it is @code{#f}, the normal
system obarray is searched for the variable, otherwise the procedure is
called for returning the requested variable. This procedure is the
current module's @dfn{eval closure}, and is responsible for searching a
variable's binding, installing it if necessary.
When a variable is finally found, the reference to the variable in the
currently executed Scheme code is replaced by a special value (a
so-called @code{gloc}), so that this environment search is not necessary
the next time the variable is looked up.
@c ===================================================================
@node Index, , Modules and Evaluation, Top
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@unnumbered Index
@printindex cp
@contents
@bye