@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Guile Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C)  1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
@c   Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file guile.texi for copying conditions.

@page
@node Foreign Function Interface
@section Foreign Function Interface
@cindex foreign function interface
@cindex ffi

The more one hacks in Scheme, the more one realizes that there are
actually two computational worlds: one which is warm and alive, that
land of parentheses, and one cold and dead, the land of C and its ilk.

But yet we as programmers live in both worlds, and Guile itself is half
implemented in C. So it is that Guile's living half pays respect to its
dead counterpart, via a spectrum of interfaces to C ranging from dynamic
loading of Scheme primitives to dynamic binding of stock C library
prodedures.

@menu
* Foreign Libraries::           Dynamically linking to libraries.
* Foreign Functions::           Simple calls to C procedures.
* C Extensions::                Extending Guile in C with loadable modules.
* Modules and Extensions::      Loading C extensions into modules.
* Foreign Values::              Accessing global variables.
* Dynamic FFI::                 Fu.
@end menu


@node Foreign Libraries
@subsection Foreign Libraries

Most modern Unices have something called @dfn{shared libraries}.  This
ordinarily means that they have the capability to share the executable
image of a library between several running programs to save memory and
disk space.  But generally, shared libraries give a lot of additional
flexibility compared to the traditional static libraries.  In fact,
calling them `dynamic' libraries is as correct as calling them `shared'.

Shared libraries really give you a lot of flexibility in addition to the
memory and disk space savings.  When you link a program against a shared
library, that library is not closely incorporated into the final
executable.  Instead, the executable of your program only contains
enough information to find the needed shared libraries when the program
is actually run.  Only then, when the program is starting, is the final
step of the linking process performed.  This means that you need not
recompile all programs when you install a new, only slightly modified
version of a shared library.  The programs will pick up the changes
automatically the next time they are run.

Now, when all the necessary machinery is there to perform part of the
linking at run-time, why not take the next step and allow the programmer
to explicitly take advantage of it from within his program?  Of course,
many operating systems that support shared libraries do just that, and
chances are that Guile will allow you to access this feature from within
your Scheme programs.  As you might have guessed already, this feature
is called @dfn{dynamic linking}.@footnote{Some people also refer to the
final linking stage at program startup as `dynamic linking', so if you
want to make yourself perfectly clear, it is probably best to use the
more technical term @dfn{dlopening}, as suggested by Gordon Matzigkeit
in his libtool documentation.}

We titled this section ``foreign libraries'' because although the name
``foreign'' doesn't leak into the API, the world of C really is foreign
to Scheme -- and that estrangement extends to components of foreign
libraries as well, as we see in future sections.

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dynamic-link [library]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_dynamic_link (library)
Find the shared library denoted by @var{library} (a string) and link it
into the running Guile application.  When everything works out, return a
Scheme object suitable for representing the linked object file.
Otherwise an error is thrown.  How object files are searched is system
dependent.

Normally, @var{library} is just the name of some shared library file
that will be searched for in the places where shared libraries usually
reside, such as in @file{/usr/lib} and @file{/usr/local/lib}.

When @var{library} is omitted, a @dfn{global symbol handle} is returned.  This
handle provides access to the symbols available to the program at run-time,
including those exported by the program itself and the shared libraries already
loaded.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dynamic-object? obj
@deffnx {C Function} scm_dynamic_object_p (obj)
Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a dynamic library handle, or @code{#f}
otherwise.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dynamic-unlink dobj
@deffnx {C Function} scm_dynamic_unlink (dobj)
Unlink the indicated object file from the application.  The
argument @var{dobj} must have been obtained by a call to
@code{dynamic-link}.  After @code{dynamic-unlink} has been
called on @var{dobj}, its content is no longer accessible.
@end deffn

@smallexample
(define libc-obj (dynamic-link "libc.so"))
libc-obj
@result{} #<dynamic-object "libc.so">
(dynamic-args-call 'rand libc-obj '())
@result{} 269167349
(dynamic-unlink libc-obj)
libc-obj
@result{} #<dynamic-object "libc.so" (unlinked)>
@end smallexample

As you can see, after calling @code{dynamic-unlink} on a dynamically
linked library, it is marked as @samp{(unlinked)} and you are no longer
able to use it with @code{dynamic-call}, etc.  Whether the library is
really removed from you program is system-dependent and will generally
not happen when some other parts of your program still use it.  In the
example above, @code{libc} is almost certainly not removed from your
program because it is badly needed by almost everything.

When dynamic linking is disabled or not supported on your system,
the above functions throw errors, but they are still available.


@node Foreign Functions
@subsection Foreign Functions

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dynamic-func name dobj
@deffnx {C Function} scm_dynamic_func (name, dobj)
Return a ``handle'' for the func @var{name} in the shared object referred to
by @var{dobj}. The handle can be passed to @code{dynamic-call} to
actually call the function.

Regardless whether your C compiler prepends an underscore @samp{_} to the global
names in a program, you should @strong{not} include this underscore in
@var{name} since it will be added automatically when necessary.
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dynamic-call func dobj
@deffnx {C Function} scm_dynamic_call (func, dobj)
Call the C function indicated by @var{func} and @var{dobj}.
The function is passed no arguments and its return value is
ignored.  When @var{function} is something returned by
@code{dynamic-func}, call that function and ignore @var{dobj}.
When @var{func} is a string , look it up in @var{dynobj}; this
is equivalent to
@smallexample
(dynamic-call (dynamic-func @var{func} @var{dobj}) #f)
@end smallexample

Interrupts are deferred while the C function is executing (with
@code{SCM_DEFER_INTS}/@code{SCM_ALLOW_INTS}).
@end deffn

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dynamic-args-call func dobj args
@deffnx {C Function} scm_dynamic_args_call (func, dobj, args)
Call the C function indicated by @var{func} and @var{dobj},
just like @code{dynamic-call}, but pass it some arguments and
return its return value.  The C function is expected to take
two arguments and return an @code{int}, just like @code{main}:
@smallexample
int c_func (int argc, char **argv);
@end smallexample

The parameter @var{args} must be a list of strings and is
converted into an array of @code{char *}.  The array is passed
in @var{argv} and its size in @var{argc}.  The return value is
converted to a Scheme number and returned from the call to
@code{dynamic-args-call}.
@end deffn

The functions to call a function from a dynamically linked library,
@code{dynamic-call} and @code{dynamic-args-call}, are not very powerful.
They are mostly intended to be used for calling specially written
initialization functions that will then add new primitives to Guile.
For example, we do not expect that you will dynamically link
@file{libX11} with @code{dynamic-link} and then construct a beautiful
graphical user interface just by using @code{dynamic-call} and
@code{dynamic-args-call}.  Instead, the usual way would be to write a
special Guile<->X11 glue library that has intimate knowledge about both
Guile and X11 and does whatever is necessary to make them inter-operate
smoothly.  This glue library could then be dynamically linked into a
vanilla Guile interpreter and activated by calling its initialization
function.  That function would add all the new types and primitives to
the Guile interpreter that it has to offer.

From this setup the next logical step is to integrate these glue
libraries into the module system of Guile so that you can load new
primitives into a running system just as you can load new Scheme code.

[foreshadowing regarding dynamic ffi]

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} load-extension lib init
@deffnx {C Function} scm_load_extension (lib, init)
Load and initialize the extension designated by LIB and INIT.
When there is no pre-registered function for LIB/INIT, this is
equivalent to

@lisp
(dynamic-call INIT (dynamic-link LIB))
@end lisp

When there is a pre-registered function, that function is called
instead.

Normally, there is no pre-registered function.  This option exists
only for situations where dynamic linking is unavailable or unwanted.
In that case, you would statically link your program with the desired
library, and register its init function right after Guile has been
initialized.

LIB should be a string denoting a shared library without any file type
suffix such as ".so".  The suffix is provided automatically.  It
should also not contain any directory components.  Libraries that
implement Guile Extensions should be put into the normal locations for
shared libraries.  We recommend to use the naming convention
libguile-bla-blum for a extension related to a module `(bla blum)'.

The normal way for a extension to be used is to write a small Scheme
file that defines a module, and to load the extension into this
module.  When the module is auto-loaded, the extension is loaded as
well.  For example,

@lisp
(define-module (bla blum))

(load-extension "libguile-bla-blum" "bla_init_blum")
@end lisp
@end deffn

@node C Extensions
@subsection C Extensions

The most interesting application of dynamically linked libraries is
probably to use them for providing @emph{compiled code modules} to
Scheme programs.  As much fun as programming in Scheme is, every now and
then comes the need to write some low-level C stuff to make Scheme even
more fun.

Not only can you put these new primitives into their own module (see the
previous section), you can even put them into a shared library that is
only then linked to your running Guile image when it is actually
needed.

An example will hopefully make everything clear.  Suppose we want to
make the Bessel functions of the C library available to Scheme in the
module @samp{(math bessel)}.  First we need to write the appropriate
glue code to convert the arguments and return values of the functions
from Scheme to C and back.  Additionally, we need a function that will
add them to the set of Guile primitives.  Because this is just an
example, we will only implement this for the @code{j0} function.

@smallexample
#include <math.h>
#include <libguile.h>

SCM
j0_wrapper (SCM x)
@{
  return scm_from_double (j0 (scm_to_double (x, "j0")));
@}

void
init_math_bessel ()
@{
  scm_c_define_gsubr ("j0", 1, 0, 0, j0_wrapper);
@}
@end smallexample

We can already try to bring this into action by manually calling the low
level functions for performing dynamic linking.  The C source file needs
to be compiled into a shared library.  Here is how to do it on
GNU/Linux, please refer to the @code{libtool} documentation for how to
create dynamically linkable libraries portably.

@smallexample
gcc -shared -o libbessel.so -fPIC bessel.c
@end smallexample

Now fire up Guile:

@lisp
(define bessel-lib (dynamic-link "./libbessel.so"))
(dynamic-call "init_math_bessel" bessel-lib)
(j0 2)
@result{} 0.223890779141236
@end lisp

The filename @file{./libbessel.so} should be pointing to the shared
library produced with the @code{gcc} command above, of course.  The
second line of the Guile interaction will call the
@code{init_math_bessel} function which in turn will register the C
function @code{j0_wrapper} with the Guile interpreter under the name
@code{j0}.  This function becomes immediately available and we can call
it from Scheme.

Fun, isn't it?  But we are only half way there.  This is what
@code{apropos} has to say about @code{j0}:

@smallexample
(apropos "j0")
@print{} (guile-user): j0     #<primitive-procedure j0>
@end smallexample

As you can see, @code{j0} is contained in the root module, where all
the other Guile primitives like @code{display}, etc live.  In general,
a primitive is put into whatever module is the @dfn{current module} at
the time @code{scm_c_define_gsubr} is called.

A compiled module should have a specially named @dfn{module init
function}.  Guile knows about this special name and will call that
function automatically after having linked in the shared library.  For
our example, we replace @code{init_math_bessel} with the following code in
@file{bessel.c}:

@smallexample
void
init_math_bessel (void *unused)
@{
  scm_c_define_gsubr ("j0", 1, 0, 0, j0_wrapper);
  scm_c_export ("j0", NULL);
@}

void
scm_init_math_bessel_module ()
@{
  scm_c_define_module ("math bessel", init_math_bessel, NULL);   
@}
@end smallexample

The general pattern for the name of a module init function is:
@samp{scm_init_}, followed by the name of the module where the
individual hierarchical components are concatenated with underscores,
followed by @samp{_module}.

After @file{libbessel.so} has been rebuilt, we need to place the shared
library into the right place.

Once the module has been correctly installed, it should be possible to
use it like this:

@smallexample
guile> (load-extension "./libbessel.so" "scm_init_math_bessel_module")
guile> (use-modules (math bessel))
guile> (j0 2)
0.223890779141236
guile> (apropos "j0")
@print{} (math bessel): j0      #<primitive-procedure j0>
@end smallexample

That's it!

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} load-extension lib init
@deffnx {C Function} scm_load_extension (lib, init)
Load and initialize the extension designated by LIB and INIT.
When there is no pre-registered function for LIB/INIT, this is
equivalent to

@lisp
(dynamic-call INIT (dynamic-link LIB))
@end lisp

When there is a pre-registered function, that function is called
instead.

Normally, there is no pre-registered function.  This option exists
only for situations where dynamic linking is unavailable or unwanted.
In that case, you would statically link your program with the desired
library, and register its init function right after Guile has been
initialized.

LIB should be a string denoting a shared library without any file type
suffix such as ".so".  The suffix is provided automatically.  It
should also not contain any directory components.  Libraries that
implement Guile Extensions should be put into the normal locations for
shared libraries.  We recommend to use the naming convention
libguile-bla-blum for a extension related to a module `(bla blum)'.

The normal way for a extension to be used is to write a small Scheme
file that defines a module, and to load the extension into this
module.  When the module is auto-loaded, the extension is loaded as
well.  For example,

@lisp
(define-module (bla blum))

(load-extension "libguile-bla-blum" "bla_init_blum")
@end lisp
@end deffn

@node Modules and Extensions
@subsection Modules and Extensions

The new primitives that you add to Guile with @code{scm_c_define_gsubr}
(@pxref{Primitive Procedures}) or with any of the other mechanisms are
placed into the module that is current when the
@code{scm_c_define_gsubr} is executed. Extensions loaded from the REPL,
for example, will be placed into the @code{(guile-user)} module, if the
REPL module was not changed.

To define C primitives within a specific module, the simplest way is:

@example
(define-module (foo bar))
(load-extension "foobar-c-code" "foo_bar_init")
@end example

When loaded with @code{(use-modules (foo bar))}, the
@code{load-extension} call looks for the @file{foobar-c-code.so} (etc)
object file in the standard system locations, such as @file{/usr/lib}
or @file{/usr/local/lib}.

If someone installs your module to a non-standard location then the
object file won't be found.  You can address this by inserting the
install location in the @file{foo/bar.scm} file.  This is convenient
for the user and also guarantees the intended object is read, even if
stray older or newer versions are in the loader's path.

The usual way to specify an install location is with a @code{prefix}
at the configure stage, for instance @samp{./configure prefix=/opt}
results in library files as say @file{/opt/lib/foobar-c-code.so}.
When using Autoconf (@pxref{Top, , Introduction, autoconf, The GNU
Autoconf Manual}), the library location is in a @code{libdir}
variable.  Its value is intended to be expanded by @command{make}, and
can by substituted into a source file like @file{foo.scm.in}

@example
(define-module (foo bar))
(load-extension "XXlibdirXX/foobar-c-code" "foo_bar_init")
@end example

@noindent
with the following in a @file{Makefile}, using @command{sed}
(@pxref{Top, , Introduction, sed, SED, A Stream Editor}),

@example
foo.scm: foo.scm.in
        sed 's|XXlibdirXX|$(libdir)|' <foo.scm.in >foo.scm
@end example

The actual pattern @code{XXlibdirXX} is arbitrary, it's only something
which doesn't otherwise occur.  If several modules need the value, it
can be easier to create one @file{foo/config.scm} with a define of the
@code{libdir} location, and use that as required.

@example
(define-module (foo config))
(define-public foo-config-libdir "XXlibdirXX"")
@end example

Such a file might have other locations too, for instance a data
directory for auxiliary files, or @code{localedir} if the module has
its own @code{gettext} message catalogue
(@pxref{Internationalization}).

When installing multiple C code objects, it can be convenient to put
them in a subdirectory of @code{libdir}, thus giving for example
@code{/usr/lib/foo/some-obj.so}.  If the objects are only meant to be
used through the module, then a subdirectory keeps them out of sight.

It will be noted all of the above requires that the Scheme code to be
found in @code{%load-path} (@pxref{Build Config}).  Presently it's
left up to the system administrator or each user to augment that path
when installing Guile modules in non-default locations.  But having
reached the Scheme code, that code should take care of hitting any of
its own private files etc.

Presently there's no convention for having a Guile version number in
module C code filenames or directories.  This is primarily because
there's no established principles for two versions of Guile to be
installed under the same prefix (eg. two both under @file{/usr}).
Assuming upward compatibility is maintained then this should be
unnecessary, and if compatibility is not maintained then it's highly
likely a package will need to be revisited anyway.

The present suggestion is that modules should assume when they're
installed under a particular @code{prefix} that there's a single
version of Guile there, and the @code{guile-config} at build time has
the necessary information about it.  C code or Scheme code might adapt
itself accordingly (allowing for features not available in an older
version for instance).


@node Foreign Values
@subsection Foreign Values

@deffn {Scheme Procedure} dynamic-pointer name type dobj [len]
@deffnx {C Function} scm_dynamic_pointer (name, type, dobj, len)
Return a ``handle'' for the pointer @var{name} in the shared object referred to
by @var{dobj}. The handle aliases a C value, and is declared to be of type
@var{type}. Valid types are defined in the @code{(system foreign)} module.

This facility works by asking the dynamic linker for the address of a symbol,
then assuming that it aliases a value of a given type. Obviously, the user must
be very careful to ensure that the value actually is of the declared type, or
bad things will happen.

Regardless whether your C compiler prepends an underscore @samp{_} to the global
names in a program, you should @strong{not} include this underscore in
@var{name} since it will be added automatically when necessary.
@end deffn


@node Dynamic FFI
@subsection Dynamic FFI

TBD

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